Khopesh

Khopesh (floor to indicate the front foot animal) - a kind of knives used in ancient Egypt. It is similar in appearance to yataganom. Consisted of serpa (semi blades) and handle. Could be a sharpening internal or external. There are also double Grinding, when near to the handle of the blade has an external grinding, and long-distance - inside. Khopesha two-handed grip, about 50 cm

Khopesh in ancient Egypt had weapons of skilled fighters and elite military units. Length khopesha allow them to work and chariots.

Heavy artillery self-installation ISU-152

Work to create a self heavy artillery installation began in the second half of 1943. Using its previous experience in piloting tank KV-13, KB team of experienced factory number 100 has created «object 237» - a prototype of future serial tanks IS-1.

After the tests, it became clear that the new machine has a significant advantage over normal production while tank KV-1c. The result was the disposal of the National Defense Commission (SCG) for the early launch of the prototype in a series at Chelyabinsk Kirov Plant (CHKZ). Production of new tanks that have received the designation of IP-85 (IP-1), was given the highest priority. At the time, CHKZ produced heavy tank KV-85, the average T-34 and SU-152 ACS. The latter is the direct precursor to ISU-152.

This samohodka powerful armed 152.4-mm howitzer gun-ML-20 in the fixed-armor wheelhouse, which was intended to replace the tower on the chassis of a basic tank KV-1s. Baptism of fire SU-152 took to the Kursk arc, immediately won respect as the Soviet, and from enemy soldiers. During the offensive phase of Orel-Kursk operation SU-152 as effectively used by its intended purpose as a heavy assault gun support attacking tanks and infantry.

The beginning of serial production of tanks IS accompanied by a gradual but complete phasing out production of all products at CHKZ vehicles of other types, including much needed front SU-152. Therefore, designers IS tank at the design stage prototype was immediately shipped to the establishment of ACS at its base, equivalent to SU-152 for weapons.

At the stages of design and construction of a prototype machine that was in the documents of the time as «IS-152». Despite the very same artsistemu for new samohodki conning tower had to re-establish, as well as borrow an old version of its SU-152 has proved impossible because of a geometric shape tank shell IS compared with KV tanks.

As a tank shell landed IS was lower, the new house samohodki have a higher compared with the SU-152 and the car regained its easily identifiable characteristic appearance. Large cuttings raised the visibility of ACS on the battlefield, but at the same time providing the best in comparison with the SU-152 crews working conditions.

Through lessons in the development of SU-152 experience and a great nomenclature borrowed from the SU-152 and SW parts prototype samohodki-based IP tank was constructed in a very short period of time. Received factory index «object 241» prototype to test out 21 Nov, 1943. Following the successful completion of their new samohodka was launched into serial production of the final document ISU-152. The plan first 5 cars were to be handed military acceptance in November and in December the plant was to pass another 30 samohodok.

In the process of production design ISU-152 has introduced small, but important changes. On machines later editions installed radio 10RK (instead of 10R), 12.7-mm anti-aircraft machine gun DShK capacity of basic and additional fuel tanks was increased compared with the base tank.

These samohodkah was also possible to install two flue drafts with elektrozapalom and dumping their device manual. During the 1944-45 biennium. in an experimental attempts to increase the firepower samohodki - in SKB-2 plant number 100 was built a prototype of «object 246» (also known as MIS-152-1 or ISU-152BM), armed with a powerful 152.4-mm gun BL-8, developed in the OKB-172 NKVD.

Large radius barrel severely hampered the exploitation of the machine, was also found many other weaknesses, making installation was not taken up.

The second option was to see if the gun BL-10 with a shorter barrel, compared with the BL-8 of the same developer ( «object 247» or MIS-152-2). But that ACS has not been adopted by. The development of self-installation ISU-152 is not stopped, and after the Second World War.

With the start of the Great Patriotic War to the leadership of the Red Army faced the task of equipping the army to self anti-aircraft and guns. In pre-war years in Soviet different design bureau conducted the establishment of self-propelled artillery.

A number of works came to the small-scale production, but fully efficient installations have not been created. It is this state of affairs and led the People's Commissioner weapons Vannikova sign 1 July, 1941 ordered that the plant number 4 to develop and manufacture a 37-mm anti-aircraft gun on self-chassis, plant number 8 to develop and manufacture a 85-mm anti-aircraft gun on self-chassis And the plant number 92 in g.Gorkom (Nizhny Novgorod) to develop and manufacture a 57-mm anti-tank gun on self-chassis.

Order also provided for widespread use in samohodkah delivery industry and adopted by the Red Army vehicles, trucks, tractors. Projects samohodok were to be submitted for consideration no later than 15 July 1941. To achieve this goal, the factory number 92 was a special group of developers.

Project Manager has been appointed P.F. Muravyov. In a very short time samohodka was not just developed, but also manufactured in metal. In fact, a group of developers has proposed not one but two draft samohodki. At the end of July from the factory shops number 92 came two samohodki-VMS-30 and VMS-31.

VMS-30 was a mild anti-ACS open type. The base was an artillery tractor T-20 «Komsomolets, in the rear of the hull which was set rotating part of 57-mm cannon VMS-2 with a full shield. For greater stability in shooting machine equipped folding shoe. On the roof of the cab was installed mounting bracket on the gun - pohodnomu. The rest of the base engine T-20 remained unchanged. VMS -31 is the same gun VMS-2 but set in zabronirovannom triaxial truck GAZ-AAA.

In July and August have been testing both options, which revealed that the VMS-31 shooting with a greater accuracy than the VMS-30, because the installation of a truck turned out more stable than when shooting VMS-30. However, the VMS-30, as the installation of Track engine, has a higher prohodimostyu than its competitor wheel. It is a fact and has played a decisive role in adopting the Red Army samohodki VMS-30.

Order Vannikova, plant number 92 was to begin serial production of VMS-30 from 1 September 1941. However, the only manufacturer of T-20 was number 37 from Moscow factory, which since August has ceased production of trucks and switched to production of tanks, «Komsomoltsy» had to collect at military bases and installations except guns and even repair the machines, often delivered at Plant with the best. As a result, production of VMS-30 began with September 21 and lasted until 15 October 1941.

During this period, the plant produced 101 machine gun VMS-2 (including the pilot car) and an installation with 45-mm cannon. Further production facilities has been stopped due to lack of «Komsomoltsev». ACS VMS-30 began in troops in late September 1941. They were equipped with anti-tank batteries of 20 brigades western and south-western fronts. In the first battle, VMS-30 (this name samohodki almost was not known in the army). Usually in the documents it imenovali, as well as an instrument of VMS-2: «57-mm gun PTI»).

ACS is well behind them. This was primarily due to the fact that in 1941, 57-mm gun VMS-2 pierce armor of all types of armored vehicles Wehrmacht. A mobility installation allowed no problem changing firing positions. On the other hand, during the intensive use of the samohodki identified a number of weaknesses such as poor stability, congestion chassis, a small reserve, light ammunition.

By the summer of 1942, the troops remained virtually ACS VMS-30. Some vehicles were lost in battles, and some went down for technical reasons.

Egyptian merchant ship

B III Dynasty tombs (3 thousand BC. E.) Were found images of cargo ships contained in the movement not only veslami, but also sail. The picture shows the ancient kingdoms of the vessel (V dynasty) in 2550 BC. e. The narrow rectangular sail attached to the two-legged removable mast. At the stern pavement affirm six long steering oars.

Rowing oars were without a crutch, rowing, the way in modern canoes. The body drawn from carefully processed locust Dice, was fragile, and for tighter connection shipbuilders Ancient Egypt extend along the shell line at the post. The same braided rope tightly housing gird the entire ship.

Court of this type had a different purpose and were mostly river. The length of 14-20 meters, the width of 2-5 pm There deck.

Seagoing merchant ship of ancient Egypt

The development of maritime trade in ancient Egypt entail improving the design of ships. There fore and aft bars. They were made by thorns, which includes board plating. Decreased nasal overhang, steering oars were increased and incorporated in solid crutch. However, due to the lack of additional longitudinal strength body constrict rope in special bearings. At the bow and stern, there were small areas.

Mast direct sail and two bent at the ends rei were rigged. Served as the anchor stone tied rope. Displacement Egyptian sea-going vessels up to 60-80 tons built larger ships for the transport of construction materials, stone blocks for the pyramids, obelisks. Along the gunwale sides to strengthen small pegs-crutch, which tied a short oars with lanceolate lobes. At expanding "plumes" forshtevnya and ahtershtevnya caused symbolic images or images eyes.

Gunwale - the upper deck beams on the bulwarks of ships (bulwark - the continuation of the side above the open upper deck).

Stem - nasal tip of the ship.

Stern-post - the lower end of the ship round.

The topography of the burial temple of Queen Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahri (XVIII dynasty, 1490-1468gg. BC).

Drawing fragments from ships

The terrain contains the most detailed description of the distant Punta. Unfortunately, we show only the arrival of the Egyptian fleet in Punt, and his return to Thebes - the very mention of the journey are virtually non-existent. Nevertheless, these compositions, performed with so characteristic of the Egyptians attention to detail, we can see if nayavu, most unexpected and interesting details of life fragrances and relationships of its inhabitants with the Egyptians.

The expedition, led by grandee Panehsi, lasted three years and started at 9 th year of the queen.

Perhaps a total of five ships. The relief shows going 5 and 5 coming korabley.Krome to present a small boat escorts. Inozemtsev sailed on the beach met the king Punta Parehu, bearded, similar to the Egyptian man in cheptse and unusual nabedrennoy bandage, and his wife Ati, a woman incredible volume, barely fits on a donkey. There was an exchange of gifts, during which the Egyptians were not only much-desired spices, but other gifts «Earth God»: ivory, ebony, malachite, gold and elektrum, as well as live monkeys and giraffe.

Despite the fact that over the localization of the country are still being endless disputes, as shown by masters of Hatshepsut tropical nature Punta - palm trees, giraffes huts and small puntiytsev standing in the middle of piles marsh, with staircases at the entrances will no doubt point out that this Africa. Messengers queen loaded on ships and more than thirty living ladanovyh and mirrovyh trees in the tub.

Returning fleet met the queen herself.

Ancient Egyptian military ship 1200-ies BC

According to ancient Egyptian bas-reliefs known Swedish scientist W. Navy history Lundstrem has restored the image of the Egyptian military ship 1200-ies BC. e. A ship was rather elongated body with a strong cross-set, based on a strong pitching frame, allowing abandon longitudinal ties rope, so typical of merchant ships. Keel beam at the bow end with a metal ram in the form of an animal head. At the far serving to strengthen one ahtershtevne, but a large steering oar.

For more strength shell attached banks going from side to side. Rowers sheltered from the arrows of falshbortom, whose height was 80, see ends of the ship fixed safe place for Luchnikov, which are, moreover, in wicker basket at the top mast. Egyptian Archers who had armament in the long-range (150-160 defeat m) bows were the main shock force of an Egyptian ship. Such vessels built a length of 30-40 m.

Set the ship - skeleton, the skeleton hull, consisting of longitudinal and transverse links.

Bank - board seating grebtsov.

Light Tank PzKpfw I Ausf B (SdKfz 101)

Lack of power and constant overheating engine M305 demanded to replace it with petrol engines NL 38TKRM firms Maybach, power of 100 hp Placement of the engine on a tank shell required to increase the length of 400 mm and to extend for one roller bearing chassis tank.

To preserve the old maneuverability guide wheel lift. These positive events led to a growing mass of the tank with 5.4 to 6 tons Thus, despite an increase in engine power is almost 3 times the speed of the tank has increased by only 3 km / h. That changed PzKpfw I received a letter index B.

PzKpfw I Ausf A (SdKfz 101) was the first tank of Germany, running into serial production after the First World War.

Light Tank PzKpfw I Ausf A (SdKfz 101) was the first tank of Germany, running into serial production after the First World War. Terms of the Treaty of Versailles prohibited Germany to develop, produce and be armed with tanks of any type. For this reason, under a secret agreement between Germany and the USSR on the territory of the latter in the 1927-1933 biennium. tests «light and a large agricultural tractors», were prototypes for future German tanks.

According to the results of tests «light agricultural tractors» Command reyhsvera in 1932 issued the company Krupp job to develop a light tank. Thanks already available to the firm experience in designing «tractors», a year from the new tank has been demonstrated leadership and the Wehrmacht in July 1934, after thorough testing adopted for. In the same year, the company Heinschel won the first major order for production of 150 tanks modified PzKpfw I Ausf A.

The tank had the following layout scheme: power plant located at the rear, in the middle part of shifting to the right of the longitudinal axis of the tank was installed tower with weapons, but left before driver's seat. Power transmission and the driving wheels placed at the front.

A power plant using air-cooled petrol engines Krupp M305 power of 57 HP, which provides tank movement with a maximum speed of 37 km / h. Tank overcome rises to 30 °, wall height of 0.37 m and a width rvy up to 1.4 meters in the rear compartment of a tank located 2 cans of gasoline, and the stock (145 liters) allowed to pass on the highway 145 kilometers without refueling. While the tank PzKpfw I dealt with the German command primarily as a training machine, its armament is consistent with the requirements of the in the early 30's. for the arming of light tanks.

There was the installation of two pair of 7.92-mm MG 34 machine guns mounted in a single tower circular rotation. The total rate of installation of fire machine guns at 1600 vystr / min. Aiming at the target machine guns carried out together (they were enshrined in the common mask), but the shooting could be separated. Precision shooting has an optical sight with a 2.5-fold increase TZF.2 company «Zeiss», and to monitor the battlefield located in the tower tank commander to use the four inspection slotted screen, bronevymi closed lids. The driver had before it a device monitoring Glass «Triplex». For radio to tanks installed radio FuG 2 with a range of 6.5 kilometers. Unlike most tanks 30's.

That had riveted hull and turret, the connection bronevyh sheets hull and turret tank PzKpfw I conducted with the help of high-Electric. The thickness of the front of the armor, stern and starboard hull, as well as the frontal armor tower was 13 mm, while the roof and bottom - 6 mm.

Because the M305 engine with the long work of overheated, it was decided to replace petrol engines NL 38TKRM firms Maybach, power of 100 hp Placement of the engine on a tank shell required to increase the length of 400 mm and to extend for one roller bearing chassis tank. To preserve the old maneuverability guide wheel lift.

These positive events led to a growing mass of the tank with 5.4 to 6 tons Thus, despite an increase in engine power is almost 3 times the speed of the tank has increased by only 3 km / h. The car with the engine NL 38TKRM received the designation PzKpfw I Ausf B, a previous modification - PzKpfw I Ausf A. It was manufactured respectively 1016 and 477 machines these modifications, which constitute the core created in the German armor parts.

Experience with tanks PzKpfw I both modifications during the civil war in Spain revealed that bookings and arming these machines are too weak. Therefore, in 1939, production of the tank stopped, but the chassis produced before 1941 and used to create self-artillery systems and command vehicles. Command car manufactured on the chassis modifications PzKpfw I Ausf A and distinguished existence of an armored logging instead of the tower. In the wheelhouse were installed radio receiver-transmitter FuG 6 and 7.92-mm machine gun MG 34.

The commander of a tank, is a tank unit commander, had at its disposal the necessary means of monitoring of the battlefield and folding table to work with the cards. The same chassis was used for the production of conveyor ammunition, armored bridge and tank fire. At a tank chassis PzKpfw I Ausf produced in 150-mm ACS with a heavy infantry gun, 47-mm self-propelled gun and anti-minoukladchik for engineering and attack parts. Along with options Ausf A and B in the late 30's.

Krupp company has developed two additional modifications - Ausf C and F. Tank PzKpfw I Ausf S was a high-speed reconnaissance vehicle suitable for use in airborne operations. Tank different reservations improved (10 - 30 mm) and more powerful weapons, consisting of 20-mm automatic cannon EW. 141 and 7.92-mm machine gun MG 34. Engine HL. 45R firms Maybach capacity of 150 hp allow tank weighing 8 tons moving at a speed of about 80 km / h in the range of 300 km. In 1942, was released 40 machines this modification.

Tank PzKpfw I Ausf F was in direct support of infantry. He had increased to 80 mm booking and chassis with the tracks increased width, which provides tank very high throughput. But arming the tank consisting of two 7.92-mm machine guns MG 34, acknowledged the poor, and an initial order for 100 tanks was reduced to 30, then the tank stopped production.

Specification

Bulk: 5400 kg
Crew: 2
Length: 4020 mm
Width: 2060 mm
Height: 1720 mm
Armament: two 7.92-mm machine gun MG-34
Ammunition: 72 rounds, 1,800 rounds of ammunition
Reservations: Up to 13 mm
Engine: 57 hp
The speed on the highway: to 37 km / h
Road range: 145 km